Golf Shots Explained -- in random order

Chip: a low approach shot where the ball makes a shallow flight and then rolls out on the green.
Chips are made with a less lofted club than the "pitch" shot or "lob" shot in order to produce the desired flatter trajectory.
Depending upon conditions (wind, firmness of fairway and green and/or contour of the green) a skilled player may hit a high, soft landing shot with little roll or a low running shot attempting to keep the ball in the air as much as possible.
Sidespin makes the ball curve left or right: a curve to the left is a draw, and to the right a fade (for right-handed players).
A push-slice indicates that the ball started out right of target and curved even further to the right.
A putt is a shot taken on the green (normally), using a putter, ideally to putt the ball in the hole.
Traditionally a tee shot will ideally have a rather shallow flight and long roll of the ball, while tee shots on short holes are flighted higher and are expected to stop quickly.
A fairway shot is similar to a drive when done with a fairway wood.
Slice : The ball curves sharply to the right for a right-handed player (to the left for left-handed players).
The backswing is a rotation to the right, consisting of a shifting of the player's body weight to the right side, a turning of the pelvis and shoulders, lifting of the arms and flexing of the elbows and wrists.
Penalty strokes are not actually strokes but penalty points that are added to the score for violations of rules or utilizing relief procedures.
Double-hit : Hitting the ball twice in one swing.
The bunker shot differs from other golf shots in that the ball is not touched by the clubhead, but is lifted together with an amount of sand.
Flop: an even higher approach shot that stops shortly after it hits the ground.
A push-hook means the ball starts out right then curves back to the left.
An approach shot is played into the green from outside the green, usually over an intermediate or short distance.
Flyer : This type of shot usually occurs when playing from deep rough. 
A pull-hook indicates that the ball started out left of target and curved even further to the left.
A push-slice indicates that the ball started out right of target and curved even further to the right.
Sidespin occurs when the clubface is not aligned perpendicularly to the plane of swing.
Punch/knockdown/stinger: a low shot that carries through the air in order to clear a low hanging tree branch or sometimes high winds.
If accuracy and distance control are required, irons are usually played from the fairway.
Pitch: an approach shot from anywhere between 30m and 90m from the green that flies the ball onto or near the green.
A severe slice is commonly referred to as a banana-slice or a banana-ball.
A tee shot is the first shot played from a teeing ground.
Hook : The ball flight curves sharply to the left for a right-handed player (to the right for left-handed players). 
Pitch shots are usually hit with any club from a six iron to a lob wedge.
Push : The opposite of a pull, where the ball is 'pushed' away from the body. .
The downswing is roughly a backswing reversed. 
A bunker shot is played when the ball is in a bunker (sand trap).
Iron hooker: Holding the club too far forward causing a flicking action which results in a major hook.
A severe hook is commonly called a duck-hook or a snap hook.
Fat : A fat shot occurs when the club strikes the ground before the ball.